VERBS
BY
BAYANI AMRI PUTRI
12050117
1C
SEKOLAH TINGGI KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN
STKIP MPL
2014
FOREWORD
Thank God we pray that Allah SWT has
given grace and His gift to us sothat we successfully completed the paper which
alhamdulillah timely entitled "VERB".
This paper
contains information about Understanding TYPE OF verbs, or more specifically discuss the
application of types of verbs ect. This
paper is expected to give information to allof us about the types of verbs.
We realize that the paper is still
far from perfect, therefore, criticism andsuggestions
from all parties who are building we always hope for the perfection
of this paper.Finally, we thank all those who have participated in
the preparation of this paper from beginning to end. May Allah Almighty
always be pleased with all our efforts.
Amen
Pringsewu, 28 December 2012
Written
CONTENTS
UNIT
I INTRODUCTION ………………………………………….. 1
A.
Background …………………………………………………………..
1
B.
Formula of Problem…………………………………………………..
1
C. Purpose………………………………………………………………. 1
UNIT II CONTENT………………………………………………….. 2
1. History of Verb ……………………………………………………… 2
UNIT III CLOSING……………………………………………………
References
……………………………………………………………………
UNIT I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
In studying English, there are many things to be known in advance. One of them
is part of the spoken word or in English is called Part of Speech. In English
grammar,Parts of Speech are classified into eight types of words are classified
according to what he showed the Noun, Pronoun, Adjective, Verb, Adverb,
Preposition, Conjunction and Interjection. But in this paper will only discuss about verb.
B. Formula of Problem
a.
What the history of verb?
b.
How much classification of verb?
C.
Purpose
a. In order to tell the history of verb
b. In order to know about definitions and classifications
of verb
UNIT
II
CONTENT
A verb, from the Latin verbum
meaning word, is a word (part of speech) that in syntax conveys an
action (bring, read, walk, run, learn), an
occurrence (happen, become), or a state of being (be, exist,
stand). In the usual description of English,
the basic form, with or without the particle to, is the infinitive.
In many languages,
verbs are inflected
(modified in form) to encode tense,
aspect, mood
and voice. A verb may also agree with the person, gender, and/or number of some of its arguments, such as its subject, or object. In many languages, verbs have a
present tense, to indicate that an action is being carried out; a past tense,
to indicate that an action has been done; and a future tense, to indicate that
an action will be done.
Verbs have
person, number, tense, voice and mood. Sometimes even the most obvious errors
(typos) can creep in, as in this headline:
- Donors goes public and criticise Gordon Brown -- Mail On-line 30th June 2008
The verb should, of course, be go.
A verb shows
an action, or a state or condition. The verbs in the table below are in bold.
|
Verbs
|
|
|
Example
|
Comment
|
|
The
elephant trumpeted.
|
trumpeted is what
the elephant did.
|
|
The store is
open.
|
is tells us
the state of the store.
|
|
The point strikes
you at once.
|
strikes tells us
what the point did.
|
|
I feel
good
|
feel tells us
I am in a good condition.
|
|
She is
wrong.
|
is tells us
she is in a wrong state.
|
We can identify verbs in sentences
by asking the question: What is (the subject) doing (or being)?
Only a verb
can follow a personal pronoun (I, you, he, she, it) and make sense.
|
verb
|
non-verb
|
|
I
think
 |
I dog
 |
|
I
ran
|
I running
|
|
I
sneezed
|
I at
|
|
I
contemplated
|
I and
|
|
I am
|
I ouch!
|
|
I
feel
|
I what
|
Therefore,
we can test whether a word is a verb by seeing if it makes sense when it
following I, you, he, she, it. However, it might not be a verb in the given
sentence. The test shows the word can be a verb sometimes. However, if we
replace the subject of the sentence (or clause) with a personal pronoun, the
word following must be a verb.
For instance:
The lost boys returned home.
In the sentence, we can replace
"The lost boys" with the pronoun They to get "They
returned home". Because returned follows a pronoun in the given
sentence, returned is a verb in that sentence.
In addition, we can ask "What did they do?". Here we are applying the definition of a verb. The answer, "They returned", shows returned is the verb.
The main parts of a verb are:
- The infinitive, which is normally the to- form: to be, to have, to work, to feel, to think. The infinitive often functions as a noun.
- The present participle, which is the -ing form: being, having, working, feeling, thinking. This is sometimes called a gerund, when it acts as a noun. It can also act as an adjective.
- The past participle, which is regularly the -ed form: been, had, worked, felt, thought. It can function as an adjective.
There are verbs that help other
verbs to form verb phrases. The primary auxiliary verbs are: be, do
and have.
In these sentences:
I am going tomorrow.
I did answer the letter.
I have eaten enough.
The auxiliary verbs help other verbs
to make a verb phrase.
The three main auxiliary verbs in
English can also be main verbs, when they can stand alone:
I am happy.
I did it.
I have a coat.
There are 11 other auxiliary verbs, called modal auxiliary verbs:
can, could, will, would, shall,
should, may, might, must, and ought to and used to
These help other verbs to indicate certainty and uncertainty, and in various ways show time.
A verb phrase is the verb part of a
sentence. It can have one verb or several.
He ran.
He could have run.
The dog is being stroked by him.
The words in bold above are verb
phrases.
We have two
verb tenses in English: present and past; the future is formed by using
auxiliary verbs. There is no future verb tense in English.
The present
simple is simply the present tense of the verb.
The simple present is used to indicate something that is always true, or a present state or disposition. The following examples are statements that are always true, now, yesterday, and in the future, so we use the present simple:
The simple present is used to indicate something that is always true, or a present state or disposition. The following examples are statements that are always true, now, yesterday, and in the future, so we use the present simple:
The sun rises every morning.
Animals can move.
Mathematics is the science of number.
Hydrogen is the lightest gas.
Scientific truths and principles are
often stated in the simple present.
The next statements are ones that are true habitually, or under certain circumstances, but not necessarily at the time they are said:
The next statements are ones that are true habitually, or under certain circumstances, but not necessarily at the time they are said:
I seek the truth.
Do you play tennis.
The army moves on the enemy.
He loses his temper.
The
statements may not be true at the time they are uttered. For instance, a person
might claim they play tennis, but this does not mean they are playing it at the
time. Similarly, a scientist might seek the truth, but might not be seeking it
at the time the statement is made. We use the present progressive to say what
we are doing at the moment.
The present
simple is used to indicate a present state:
I feel good.
I am full.
She is happy
These
statements are true at the time they are uttered. In speaking of feelings we
often use the present simple to refer to the present state. (This is an
exception because normally we use the present progressive for reporting on the
present.)
The simple present can be used to refer to the future:
The simple present can be used to refer to the future:
The bus leaves in 5 minutes.
Or the past:
The car drives at me. I scream and
try to avoid it. There is a screech of brakes...
This is sometimes called the
historic past and is meant to dramatize the action, making the reader think it
is happening now.
This is formed by using the present
tense of the verb to be and the present participle.
The present progressive is used to refer to what is happening at the moment:
The present progressive is used to refer to what is happening at the moment:
The sun is rising.
The birds are chirping.
Share prices are dropping.
Sometimes it is used to refer to
something that is true temporarily:
I live in London, but I am living in New York (temporarily, at the moment).
I am coughing a lot. (As I have a cold at the moment.)
I am coughing a lot. (As I have a cold at the moment.)
She is travelling to work by horse, while here car is in the garage.
The present perfect is formed from
the present tense of have and the past participle. The present perfect form of the verb is used to
refer to something that has been happening up to the present, but has now
stopped.
I have eaten the food.
I have played sport this morning.
I have studied physics.
I have had a cold.
These refer to past events which
have now finished.
Consider these sentences:
He has been to America.
He has gone to America.
The first means has has travelled to
America and returned. The second means he has travelled to America, but has not
yet returned. These are two forms of the past participle of the verb to go.
The present perfect progressive is
formed from the present tense of have, been (the past participle of be)
and the past participle of the verb. It is used to refer to something that
has been going on in the past and is still going on.
It has been snowing all day.
The road works have been going on for ages.
I have been waiting for ages.
The simple
past tense is formed from the past tense of the verb. For instance:
He went home.
I wrote a story.
It was late.
The simple past often refers to an
event which occurred at a definite time in the past. It is also used to refer
to unreal present or future time:
If I were king, then I would stay in bed till lunchtime.
If I studied harder, I would do better.
The past
progressive form is formed using was or were and the present participle. This is used to refer to a past time when some state
or activity was temporarily going on.
I was eating a hamburger and listening to the radio.
They were laughing and joking when he arrived.
It is also used to refer to unreal
present and future time:
I would be happier if we were making more money.
The captain said "If the ship were sinking, I would not be standing
here."
The past
perfect is formed by using had and the past participle. It is used to refer to an action or state that was
completed before a past time.
He had finished the book by the time they came.
They had completed the work before the owners returned.
The past perfect is also used to
refer to the unreal past.
If I had not studied hard, then I would not have passed the exam.
If you had paid, you could have gone in.
If you had paid, you could have gone in.
If it had not snowed, you wouldn't have been able to ski.
This is formed by using had, been
and the present participle. It had been raining for some time, when the
lightning started.
Most of the staff had been working hard up to lunchtime.
Only a few people had been eating in the restaurant when the manager arrived.
I had been feeling bored, when I noticed an interesting film was on the television.
Most of the staff had been working hard up to lunchtime.
Only a few people had been eating in the restaurant when the manager arrived.
I had been feeling bored, when I noticed an interesting film was on the television.
The past
perfect progressive refers to a state or activity that was going on before
something else in the past.
Choosing
between the verbs lie and lay may cause confusion. The verb 'to lie' means 'to
recline', 'to be situated' or 'put in a certain state'. The verb 'to lay' means
'to place' (something). Their main forms are as follows:
|
Verb:
|
lie
|
lay
|
|
Simple
Present
|
lie
|
lay
|
|
Present
Participle
|
lying
|
laying
|
|
Simple
Past
|
lay
|
laid
|
|
Past
Participle
|
lain
|
laid
|
The verb 'to lie' does not take an object; the verb
'to lay' does.
|
Examples
using lie and lay
|
||
|
lie (no
object)
|
lay (takes
an object)
|
|
|
Simple
Present
|
She lies
on the floor
The islands lie to the south. Our future lies in their hands. |
He lay
the cat on the floor.
Will you lay the table. |
|
Present
Progressive
|
She is lying
on the floor.
In autumn, the leaves lie everywhere. We lay at their mercy. |
He is laying
it on the floor.
This was a difficult task to lay on anyone. |
|
Simple
Past
|
She lay
down on the floor.
The rubbish lay everywhere. |
He laid
it on the floor.
They laid the victim on the bed. |
|
Perfect
|
She has lain
on the floor for ages.
The snow has lain over the land for some months. |
They have laid
the foundations.
|
There isn't
a future tense of English verbs. The future can be formed in various ways, some
of which have been mentioned under the past and present tenses. Here we will
simply mention the use of the future auxiliary will. The use of shall as a
future auxiliary seems to have disappeared in English since about the 1950s.
Some people, however, think the future auxiliary will should not be used with
the first person and shall ought to be be used.
I will go shopping tomorrow. 
I'll go
shopping tomorrow.
I'll go
shopping tomorrow.
As will is contracted in speech, no
one knows whether the speaker meant will or shall.
Next week, I will be going shopping Next
week, I'll be going shopping.
Next
week, I'll be going shopping.
By this time next week, I will have
started my new job. By
this time next week, I'll have started my new job.
By
this time next week, I'll have started my new job.
By this time next month, I'll have
been working at my new job for a week.
Linking
verbs join the subject of the sentence to an adverb, noun or phrase, which
describes the subject. The main linking verb is the verb to be. The linking
verbs in the table below are in bold.
|
Example
|
|
Richard was
angry.
|
|
Sara is
a scientist.
|
|
Brenda was
in a pensive mood.
|
|
The
scientist feels glum.
|
|
The music sounds
fine.
|
|
The spy
must keep out of sight.
|
In the examples, the verbs link the
subject with a phrase that describes the subject, rather than receives the
action of the subject. The verbs are therefore linking verbs. The phrase is
called a complement, rather than an object.
7.
Active and Passive Voice
Normally
verbs (and clauses) are in active voice. The subject of the sentence is the
agent that performs the action of the verb. Sometimes clauses are in the
passive voice, where the subject receives the action of the verb, and is not
the agent.
|
Active
|
Passive
|
|
The dog
bit the man.
|
The man was
bitten by the dog.
|
|
The
scientists disputed the inferences.
|
The
inferences were disputed by the scientists.
|
|
He is
stroking the dog.
|
The dog is
being stroked by him.
|
|
I will eat
the crisps.
|
The crisps
will be eaten by me.
|
|
The boss
fired Henry.
|
Henry got
fired.
|
|
He had had
a good time.
|
A good time had been had by him.
|
In the above examples, the past participle and the
verb to be appear in all the examples, except the one with got.
The agent in a passive sentence may be mentioned in a by + noun phrase. If the
sentence has a to be form followed by a past participle, you determine
whether a sentence is in the passive, by asking the following questions:
|
Sentence
|
Comment
and Questions
|
|
He is
going to town.
|
This
sentence does not have a past participle, so it isn't passive.
We can ask "Who is doing the going?", and the answer is he, and he is the subject of the sentence. The sentence isn't in the passive. |
|
The king was
crowned by the bishop.
|
The
sentence has a to be form (was) and a past participle (crowned), so it
could be passive.
Ask "Who was doing the crowning?", and the answer is the bishop. The bishop isn't the subject of the sentence, so the sentence is in passive form. |
|
The house was
built.
|
The
sentence has a to be form (was) and a past participle (built), so it
could be passive.
Ask "Who was doing the building?", and the answer is not mentioned in the sentence, but we can guess it was the builders. The subject of the sentence isn't the builders, so the sentence is in the passive. |
|
It is a
house designed by Mary and built by Tom.
|
Supplying
missing words, we have:
It is a house (that was) designed by Mary and (that was) built by Tom. The sentence has a form of the verb to be, and a past participle. Ask: Who did the designing? It was Mary. She designed it. However, Mary is not the subject of that (the house) was designed. Who did the building? It was Tom. Also, Tom is not the subject of the clause that was built. The sentence is therefore in the passive voice. |
|
The book will
be completed tomorrow.
|
The
sentence has a to be form (be) and a past participle (completed), so
it could be passive.
Ask "Who will be doing the completing?", and the answer is not mentioned in the sentence, but we can guess an author is completing it. The subject of the sentence isn't the author, so the sentence is in the passive. |
|
Tom has
been there often.
|
The
sentence has a to be form (been)
Ask "Who was doing the being (there)?", and the answer is Tom, the subject of the sentence. The sentence is in the active voice, and is in the present perfect tense. |
|
The story
is an allegory of justice delivered by Angelo and embodied in the Duke.
|
We see the
sentence may be passive when we add some omitted parts:
The story is an allegory of justice (which is) delivered by Angelo and (which is) embodied in the Duke. So, Angelo delivered it, and the Duke embodied it are the active forms. |
8.
Passive and Time
The table below illustrates the
passive voice in the past and present tenses and in the future.
|
Passive
Voice and Time
|
||
|
Time
|
Type
|
Example
|
|
Present
|
Simple
|
The ball is
thrown.
|
|
Progressive
|
The ball is
being thrown.
|
|
|
Perfect
|
The ball has
been thrown.
|
|
|
Past
|
Simple
|
The ball was
thrown.
|
|
Progressive
|
The ball was
being thrown.
|
|
|
Perfect
|
The ball had
been thrown.
|
|
|
Future
|
Simple
|
The ball will
be thrown.
|
|
Progressive
|
The ball will
be being thrown.
|
|
|
Perfect
|
The ball will
have been thrown.
|
|
UNIT III
CLOSING
A verb may also agree with the person, gender, and/or number of some of its arguments, such as its subject, or object. In many languages, verbs have a
present tense, to indicate that an action is being carried out; a past tense,
to indicate that an action has been done; and a future tense, to indicate that
an action will be done.
REFERENCES
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