Bayani Amri Putri Blog's

Bayani Amri Putri Blog's

Selasa, 15 April 2014

Makalah Reading 3 : Skills of Reading Comprehension


PAPER OF READING
(SUBMITTED FOR READING III SUBJECT AS A FINAL ASSIGMENT)
                       

           

BY III C

1.      BAYANI AMRI PUTRI                              12 050 117
2.      UBATI ENDANG SRI WAHYUNI           12 050 113
3.      USWATUL KARIMAH                              12 050 129
4.      YESSI HERLIN SEPRILIA                       12 050 120






STKIP MUHAMMADIYAH PRINGSEWU
LAMPUNG (STKIP MPL)
2013

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT



Thanks to Allah the most merciful who gives us guidance to finish this paper. We would like to express gratitude to all those who help us to finished this paper, both morally and materially in the form of encouragement, because we believe without the help and support of them it is very difficult for us to finish it.

In addition, allow us to gratitude for :
1.      Drs. Aris Munandar, M.Pd.I, as lecturer of Reading III
2.      Our beloved friends who always give us motivation  and make us still spirit and also assisted us in completing this paper.

We realize that in preparing this paper is far from perfect,  for that we look criticism and suggestions that are built in this paper. We hope this paper usefull for the readers.

Pringsewu, December, 17th 2013



The Writer









CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A.          The background
Reading is an important part of learning English. This guide to how to improve your reading skills will help you improve reading by using skills you use in your own language. In other words, one of the best tips on improving reading is to think about how you read in your own language. Start by thinking about how you read different documents. How do you read the newspaper? How do you read novels? How do you read train schedules? and so on. Taking time to think about this will help give you clues on how to read in English - even if you don't understand every single word.
Ask yourself this question: Do I read every word in your own language when I am reading a schedule, summary, or other outlining document?
The answer is most definitely: No! Reading in English is like reading in your native language. This means that it is not always necessary to read and understand each and every word in English. Remember that reading skills in your native language and English are basically the same.
Here is a quick overview of the types of reading skills used in every language:
Skimming, Scanning, Previewing, Phrasing Stems And Affixes, Topic, Main Idea, Reading for Specific Information Reading for Detail, Reference, Inference, Functional Text And Essay Text.
You can use these reading skills in a number of ways to improve other areas of English learning such as pronunciation, grammar and increasing vocabulary.
A.    The Formulation of The Problem
The formulation of the problem in this paper is to knowing about the reading material from the concept of skimming, scanning, previewing, phrasing stems and affixes, topic, main idea, reading for specific information reading for detail, reference, inference, functional text and essay text.

B.     The Objective of The Problem
The objective of the problem is to discuss about reading material and example about it.





TABLE OF CONTENT


COVER
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT............................................................................... ii
TABLE OF CONTENT................................................................................... iii
           
CHAPTER I  INTRODUCTION
A.    The Background...................................................................................
B.     The Formulation of the Problem...........................................................
C.     The Objective of the Problem...............................................................

CHAPTER II THE FRAME OF THE TEORIES
A.    The Concept of Skimming....................................................................
B.     The Concept of Scanning.....................................................................
C.     The Concept of Previewing..................................................................
D.    The Concept of Phrasing......................................................................
E.     The concept of Steams and Affixes.....................................................
F.      The Concept of Topic and Examples...................................................
G.    The Concept of Main Idea and Examples............................................
H.    The Concept of Reading for Specific Information and Examples.......
I.       The Concept of Reading for Detail and Examples..............................
J.       The Concept of Reference and Examples............................................
K.    The Concept of Inference and Examples.............................................
L.     The Concept of Functional Texts and Examples..................................
M.   The Concept of Essay Texts and Examples.........................................

CHAPTER III  CONCLUSSION
REFERENCES



CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

A.    The Concept of skimming
Skimming is method of rapidly moving the eyes over text with the purpose of getting only the main idea and a general overview of the content.
a.       Skimming is useful in three different situations
Pre-Reading --- skimming is more through than simple previewing and can give a more accurate picture of the text to be read later.
Reviewing ---skimming is useful for reviewing text already read
Reading--- skimming is most often used for quickly reading material that, for any number of reasons, does not need more detailed attention.
b.      Step in skimming an article
§  Read the title --- it is the shorthest possible summary of the content
§  Read the introduction or lead in paragraph
§  Read the first paragraph completely
§  If there are subheadings, read each one, looking for relationship among them
§  Read the first sentence of each remaining paragraph.
o   The main idea of most paragraphs appears in the first sentence.
o   If the author’s pattern is to begin with question or anecdote, you may find the last sentence more valuable.
§  Dip into the text looking for :
o   Clue words that answer who, what, when, why, how
o   Proper nouns
o   Unusual words, especially if capitalized
o   Enumerations
o   Qualifying adjectives (best, worst, most.etc)
o   Typographical cues --- italics, boldface, underlining, asterisks.etc.
§  Read the final paragraph completely
c.       Mastering the art of skimming effectively requires that you uses it as frequently as possible.
d.      Skimming can usually be accomplished at about 1000 words per minutes

B.     The Concept of Scanning
Scanning rapidly covers a great deal of material in order to locate a specific fact or piece of information.
a.       Scanning is very useful for finding a specific name, date, statistic, or fact without reading the entire article.
b.      Steps in scanning an article :
§  Keep in mind at all times what it is  you are searching for. If you hold the image of the word or idea clearly in mind, it is likely to appear more clearly than surrounding words
§  Anticipate in what form the information is likely to appear-numbers, proper nouns, etc.
§  Analyze the organization of the content before starting to scan.
o   If the material is familiar or fairly brief, you may be albe to scan the entire article in a single search.
o   It the material is lengthy or difficult, a preliminary skimming may be necessary to determine which part article to scan.
§  Let your eyes run rapidly over several lines if print  at t time.
§  When you find the sentence that has the information you seek read the entire sentence.
c.       In scanning, you must be willing to skip over large sections of the text without reading or understanding them.
d.       Scanning can done at 1500 or more words per minute

C.    The Concept of Previewing
Previewing is very useful for reading heavy and long articles. Only read the important words or general idea in that article. You only have to choose first sentence and last one or two paragraph, and read it. You can avoid reading the things that you don’t really want or need to read. The positive side in preview is: it keeps you spending long time for read the article. And the negative side is: it doesn’t give you the details.
Read quickly:
1.      Introductory paragraph
2.      Subheads (chapter subheadings)
3.      The first sentence of each paragraph
4.      Concluding or summary paragraphs (also abstracts)
5.      Questions at the end of a chapter (text books)
6.      Separate articles within, sometimes called sidebars or boxes
7.      Bulleted points
8.      Captions under pictures
9.      Bold print
10.  Italicized print
11.  Margin pullouts (sometimes called pull quotes or marginal gloss)
12.  Footnotes
13.  Author’s information

Glance at (seriously glance at):
  1. Pictures
  2. Tables
  3. Graphs
  4. Charts

Check for unfamiliar vocabulary and clear before thorough reading
D.    The Concept of Phrasing
E.    The Concept of Stems and affixes
F.     The concept of Topic
A topic is the one thing the whole paragraph is about. It is the unifying factor, which every sentence and idea contained in the paragraph relate to. To find the topic of a paragraph, ask yourself this question: “Which person, event, practice, theory, or idea is most frequently mentioned or referred to in the paragraph?” Usually, the topic of a paragraph can be expressed in one word or a phrase consisting of two or more words. That’s why a topic could also be defined as the word or phrase that best describes what all of the sentences in the paragraph are about. To illustrate, let’s use the following paragraph.
Example 1.
Computer chips have changed our way of life. With computer chips, we can make very small computers. Space scientists use these small computers in satellites and space ships. Large companies use these small computers for business. We can make very small calculators with computer chips. Some calculators are as small as a credit card, and these calculators are not very expensive. Computer chips are also used for making digital watches. A normal watch has a spring and moving hands, but a digital watch has no moving parts. A digital watch show the time and date with numbers, and some digital watches even have an alarm and a stopwatch. The computer chip makes all of this possible.

Explanation:
The phrase “computer chips”, as indicated by the underlining, is the most frequently mentioned thing in this paragraph. It is the one that best describes what all of the sentences in the paragraph are about. Thus, this is the topic of the paragraph.
Most paragraphs state the topic, but some writers frequently imply the topic. Thus, to identify the topic, readers have to synthesize, or combine; different words in the paragraph To be useful, the topic you select or create should be general enough to include everything discussed in the paragraph. At the same time, it should be specific enough to exclude what isn’t. To illustrate, read the following paragraph.
Example 2.
Traffic is directed by color. Pilot instrument panels, landing strips, road and water crossings are regulated by many colored light and signs. Factories use color to distinguish between thoroughfares and work areas. Danger zones are painted in special colors. Lubrication points and removable parts are accentuated by color. Pipers for transporting water, steam, oil, chemicals, and compressed air, are designated by different colors. Electrical wires and resistances are color-coded.
Explanation:
In this paragraph, the topic is not directly stated. However, by considering the whole sentence, it is clear that the paragraph discusses about the uses of color in modern technological instrument. This is the topic of the paragraph.
Example 3.
Frances Wright was a brilliant and determined woman who believed that she could have changed an unjust world. Inspired by her belief, Wright founded, in 1826, an experimental community called Nashoba. It was to be a place where black men and women could work together until they were able to purchase their freedom from slavery. But for all its good intentions, the community was a failure. Plagued by bad weather and illness, Nashoba produced nothing but debts. By 1830, it was only a memory, forgotten by everyone but the people who helped start it.
Explanation:
Initially, as you begin reading this paragraph, you might think that “Nashoba” is the topic. But as you continue reading, you discover that the paragraph does not focus on the working of the community called Nashoba. Instead it focuses on the community’s failure. However, the word failure does not appear until the fourth sentence of the paragraph. In order to express the precise topic of the paragraph, i.e. “failure of Nashoba“, you have to construct it by combining words from different sentence.
G.    The Concept of main Idea
A main idea is what the author says, thinks, or wants to communicate about the topic. It is the central or most important thought in the paragraph. Every other sentence and idea in the paragraph is related to the main idea. The main idea is usually directly stated by the writer in a sentence called the topic sentence which is usually but not always placed in the beginning of the paragraph. The topic sentence tells what the rest of the paragraph is about.
Since the main idea is what the author says, thinks, or wants to communicate about the topic, to determine it, you should first decide what the topic of the paragraph is. Then ask yourself these questions: What is the main idea—what is the author trying to say about the topic? Which sentence states the main idea? To illustrate, let’s take the paragraph about “computer chips” above. The whole sentences in the paragraph explained what the writer thinks about computer chips. He shows that computer chips are used to make very small computers, calculators, and digital watches which have changed our way of life. This idea is stated in the first sentence which runs “Computer chips have changed our way of life.” This is the main idea of the paragraph.
Occasionally, a writer does not directly state the main idea of a given paragraph in a topic sentence. Instead, he or she leaves it up to the reader to infer, or reason out, what the main idea of the paragraph is. This type of paragraph contains only details or specifics which relate to a given topic and which substantiate an unstated main idea. To read this type of paragraph, start as you would for paragraphs with stated main idea. Ask yourself the question for finding the topic: What is the one thing the author is discussing throughout the paragraph? Then try to think of a sentence about the topic that all the details included in the paragraph would support.
Example 1.
Summer is a wonderful time to spend at West Beach. It is a beach with light- colored, soft sand. The coastline goes on for a long way and many people enjoy walking along it. Children like to play in the surf and walk along the rocks that are visible at low tide. This is a fun beach for people of all ages.
In this paragraph:   
·         the topic is West Beach
·         the main idea (what the writer is saying about the topic) is that summer is a wonderful time at West Beach

Example 2.
The movie Apollo 13 was a blockbuster for the summer of 1995. It is an exciting story about space exploration. In the movie, the astronauts get in trouble while they are trying to return to Earth. People in the audience are on the edge of their seats waiting to see what happens. What makes it even more exciting is that it is a true story. 
In this paragraph: 
·         the topic is the movie Apollo 13
·         the main idea is in the first sentence: Apollo 13 was a blockbuster for the summer of 1995

While the main idea is usually in the first sentence, the next most common placement is in the last sentence of a paragraph. The author gives supporting information first and then makes the point in the last sentence.
                         Example 3.
Most teenagers and young adults do not know what they want to do for the rest of their lives. It is a big decision. There are a number of things you can do to narrow the choices. For example you can take an interest test, do some research on your own about a career, try volunteer work in the field in which you are interested, or "job-shadow", in which you spend a day with a person who is working in a field that interests you. These are just a few helpful ideas as you begin to choose a career.
                         In this paragraph:                                           
·         the topic is jobs or career choices
·         the main idea is a few ideas to help the reader choose a career  

Finally, an author might put the main idea in the middle of a paragraph. The author will spend a few sentences introducing the topic, present the main idea, then spend the rest of the paragraph supporting it. This can make the main idea more difficult to find. 

See if you can find the topic and main idea in the paragraph below.

            The United States seems to be in love with the idea of going out to eat. Because of this, a real variety of restaurants has come about specializing in all kinds of foods. McDonald's is the king of a subgroup of restaurants called fast-food restaurants. Chances are, no matter where you live, there is a McDonald's restaurant near you. There are even McDonald's in the Soviet Union. Now McDonald's is trying something new. It is called McDonald's Express and there is a test site in Peabody, Massachusetts. It is part of a Mobil gas station. This allows you to fill up with gas and fill up on food at the same time. What will they think of next?
In this paragraph: 
·         the topic is McDonald's 
·         the main idea is in the middle of the paragraph, in the third sentence: McDonald's is the king of fast food
H.    Reading For Specific Information
The technique scanning or looking for specific information is very useful when you know exactly what you are looking for in a text. Since you have a very specific goal in mind, when you read, you only read the relevant part(s) and ignore the irrelevant.
Very much similar to reading for main points , you could start by making a list of points you would like to locate in a text. The list will help you find the relevant points in the text. Now, before you do some practice, read the tips in the following section. You could use the list as an exercise for scanning. To do this, please follow the steps below:
  1. Predict one or two tips that you think are relevant to scanning. You could either write them down or remember them.
  2. Read and see if the following list contains your prediction.
  3. Read the tip(s) that you have predicted correctly, and ignore the rest.
  4. If you have done all of the above steps in 30 seconds, congratulations! You should be quite skillful in scanning and need not read on.
Tips on locating specific information
  • Keep in mind what you want to locate in a text.
  • Jot down on a piece of paper a few key words that are related to the topic you want to explore in a text. When you read, look for those key words. Slow down when you see them. After some practice, you could perform this 'anticipation-confirmation of anticipation' process mentally instead of actually writing the key words.
  • DON'T read every word.
  • Make use of headings. If you read a book, use the contents page or the index. If you read an article, make use of the headings and sub-headings to help you locate the information you want.
  • Set a time limit for yourself. If you cannot find anything relevant after the set time, the text probably does not provide what you want.
  • DON'T use a dictionary unless you are very sure the word in doubt is related to the information you are looking for.
Try to use authentic materials as much as possible.
  • Newspapers
  • Magazines
  • Lecture notes
  • Course readings
  • Advertisements
  • Newsletters
  • E-mail
  • Restaurant menus
  • Travel guide books
  • Telephone directories
  • Library catalogues
  • Any readings you come across in your daily life

Example :
  1. Between 1890 and 1900, millions of people from southern and eastern Europe left their home in search of the American dream. The new immigrants had hoped to find a comfortable place where they could settle and live out their lives. But the cities to which they came were not prepared for the new arrivals, and many immigrant families ended up in ugly tenements that were poorly supplied with light, heat and water. They had dreamt of finding work, work that could make them independent, even rich. Instead they found that jobs were scarce. Frequently they had to take jobs for which they were unsuited, and the work left them exhausted and depressed. Many immigrants found that instead of the warm welcome they expected, they were treated as outsiders, with funny customs and even funnier way of speaking.

2.      Human digestion begins when we use our teeth to cut and grind food. As we chew, saliva moistens and softens food so it can be easily swallowed. After being swallowed, the food passes into a tube that connects the mouth and stomach; this tube is called esophagus. After the food reaches the stomach, muscles in the stomach will mix it together and combine it with a gastric juice that consists mostly of water and hydrochloric acid. The gastric juice reduces the food to a liquid that can pass into the small intestine. The passage takes about eight hours. During this time, enzymes break down the food even more, preparing it for absorption into the blood stream.

3.      Liberty Statue is a colossal statue in Liberty Island in the Upper New York Bay, U.S., made to commemorate the friendship of the peoples of the United States and France. Standing 305 feet (93 meters) high including its pedestal, it represents a woman holding a torch in her raised right hand and a tablet bearing the adoption date of the Declaration of Independence (July 4, 1776) in her left. The torch, which measures 29 feet (8.8 meters) from the flame tip to the bottom of the handle, is accessible via a 42-foot (12.8-metre) service ladder inside the arm (this ascent was open to the public from 1886 to 1916). An elevator carries visitors to the observation deck in the pedestal, which may also be reached by stairway, and a spiral staircase leads to an observation platform in the figure’s crown.

4.      The atmosphere of Earth acts like any window in serving two very important functions: to let light in and to permit us to look out and to guard Earth from dangerous or uncomfortable things. A normal glazed window lets us keep our house warm by keeping out cold air. In such a way, the Earth’s atmospheric window helps to keep our planet to a comfortable temperature by holding back radiated heat and protecting us from dangerous levels of ultraviolet light. Just like a window which prevents rain, dirt, and unwelcome insects and animals from coming in, scientists have discovered that space is full of a great many very dangerous things against which our atmosphere guards us. (Adapted from: Brandon & Brandon, 2011: 289).

5.      Astronauts face many problems in space caused by weightlessness. One of these problems is floating around the cabin. To solve this problem, astronauts wear shoes that are coated with a special adhesive. This adhesive sticks to the floor of the cabin. Serving food is another problem. It won’t stay put on the table! Experts solved this problem by putting food and drinks in pouches and tubes. It only needs to be mixed with water. Weightlessness also causes problems when an astronaut tries to work. The simple task of turning a wrench or a doorknob can be difficult. Since there is no gravity to keep him down, when he exerts a force in one direction, the opposite force may flip him over completely. To solve this problem, he must be very careful about how much force he uses to do these simple tasks. Here on earth, life is much simpler, thanks to gravity.

I.       The Concept of Reading for Details
            Careful reading or reading for detail is probably the most commonly used reading strategy. This is a slower reading process that starts at the beginning of a passage and proceeds to the end. When reading for detail, students should read every sentence, but they should not try to know the exact meaning of each word. Even native speakers infer the meaning of unknown words as they read. Reassure your students that even when reading for information, they do not need to know every word on the page but should try and guess its meaning from the context, a valuable skill in and of itself. If students put too much pressure on themselves when it comes to new vocabulary, the dictionary may become more of a burden than a blessing. When reading for detail, students should aim to understand about eighty percent of the information they read. If they need an answer to a particular question that they may have missed, they can always go back and scan for it.
Reading may sometimes seem as easy as a, b, c, but in fact there are strategic ways to make your students’ reading more useful and productive. By teaching skimming and scanning in addition to reading for detail, you will give your students the strategies they need to be successful learners.

Example of Reading for Detail
  • The "What's on TV" section of your newspaper.
  • A train / airplane schedule
  • A conference guide
  • The latest marketing strategy book
  • A novel you read before going to bed
  • Magazine articles that interest you
J.      The Concept of Reference
K.    The Concept of Inference
An inference is an idea or conclusion that's drawn from evidence and reasoning. An inference is an educated guess.
We learn about some things by experiencing them first-hand, but we gain other knowledge by inference — the process of inferring things based on what is already known. When you make an inference, you're reading between the lines or just looking carefully at the facts and coming to conclusions. You can also make faulty inferences. If you hear a person's weight is 250 pounds, you might make the inference that they're overweight.

Example :
1.       Julia works at a pet store and owns four cats, a lizard, a dog and a rabbit. It can be inferred that Julia is a pet lover.
2.       John's house smells of soy sauce and used chopsticks are on the table. It can be inferred that John just ate Chinese food.
3.       Bob eats salad for lunch each day and is a PETA member. His co-workers can infer that he is a vegetarian.
4.       The floor is covered in shreds of newspaper and Susan's dog has newsprint on his paws. It can be inferred that Susan's dog ate the newspaper.
5.       Sarah left a Payless Shoes bag on the floor and is wearing shiny red heels. It can be inferred that Sarah went shoe shopping.
6.       A woman walks into a store soaking wet and it is raining. It can be inferred that she does not have an umbrella.
L.     The Concept of Functional Text
A functional text is a writing that is used for everyday information, and that when read, conveys the correct message as to what is being demonstrated on the script. Some examples of functional texts include recipes, phone books and manuals.
Look at some examples:
Example 1: Announcement
The Functions: to provide complete and clear information about certain events or occasion
Some characteristics of announcement:
  1. Straightforward and ease the readers to get information quickly
  2. Keep it short, inviting, and to the point.
  3. Clear and complete
  4. For a bad news, make a direct and no-nonsense statement.
Example 2: Greeting Card
Greeting Cards functions as an expression of sympathy and care to others.
The purpose is to congratulate someone’ achievement, express sympathy on someone’s, and motivate someone on gaining achievement
Some characteristics of greeting card:
  1. Clarify a clear purpose
  2. Use an appraisal diction
  3. Accurate addressee
Example 3: Invitation
Function/Purpose is to o invite someone to attend an occasion.
The Structure/Parts: The addressee (the person invited), salutation, the message (the content of the message), and the Sender
Some characteristics of invitation:
  1. Having an accurate addressee
  2. Giving clear time, place, and activity
  3. Providing sufficient information about the inviter
  4. Expressing  that the writer is looking forward to seeing person
  5. If there is a dress code, state it in the lower left-hand corner
Example 4: Notice/Guidance
 The Functions of notice/guidance:
  1. Prohibition notifies people not to do something. People may find this kind of notice in a public places.
  2. Caution or warning warns people to be careful in handling something. Ignoring the notice may cause injury or breaking the facilities.
  3. Guidance gives information to people to do something appropriately.
  4. The informational notice provides information that could be useful for people.
Example 5: Short Message
Its function is to send an important message to other people
Some characteristics of a short message
  1. Clear addressee (someone who receives the message)
  2. Straight forward
  3. If it is an instruction state it clearly.
M.   The Concept of Essays Text
An essay is generally a short piece of writing written from an author's personal point of view, but the definition is vague, overlapping with those of an article, a pamphlet and a short story.
Essays can consist of a number of elements, including: literary criticism, political manifestos, learned arguments, observations of daily life, recollections, and reflections of the author.

Example 1. Narrative

Narration is telling a story from a certain viewpoint, and there is usually a reason for the telling. All narrative essays will have characters, setting, climax, and most importantly, a plot. The plot is the focus of the story and is usually revealed chronologically, but there are sometimes flash forwards and flash backs. 
In writing a narrative essay, remember to:
  • Include sensory and emotional details, so the reader will experience the story, not just read about it
  • Have the story support the point you are making, and make reference to that point in the first sentence.
  • Write in the first or third person
Cinderella
            Once upon a time there was a beautiful girl called Cinderella. She lived with her stepsister and stepmother. They were very bossy. She had to do all the housework.
            One day an invitation to the ball came to the family. Her stepsister did not let her go. Cinderella was very sad. The stepsister went to the ball without her.
            Fortunately, the fairy godmother came and helped her to get to the ball. At the ball, Cinderella danced with the prince. The prince fell in love with her, and then he married her. They lived happily ever after.

 

Example 2. Descriptive

Descriptive essays have text which describes traits and characteristics of people, objects, events, feelings, etc in intricate detail.
Whatever is being described will be thoroughly examined. For example, if you were describing roses, you would explain:
  • Where they come from
  • What they look like
  • What colors they are
  • How they grow and smell
When you write a descriptive essay, you want to involve the reader’s senses and emotions. For example, you could say, “I got sleepy” or describe it like this, "As I was waiting for Santa, my eyelids began to get heavy, the lights on the tree began to blur with the green branches, and my head started to drop." The second sentence gives vivid details to make the reader feel like he is there.
Panda
Pandas are mammals. They are tame animal and they are kind of raccoon. Originally, pandas lived in South and East China and parts of Myanmar and Vietnam. Today, pandas are found in six isolated forest areas in Sichuan, Gansu, and Shaanxi provinces in China. Pandas live in high mountainous areas, usually from 2,700 to 3,700 meters (8,500 to 11,500 feet) above sea level, that have natural forested areas with fir, spruce, and bamboo. Many people think that the pandas only eats stems, leaves and bamboo, but it will also eat berries, fruit, flowers, fungi, grass and insects. It also eats flowers like crocuses and irises which grow in its mountain habitat. In the wild it will also catch fish and hunt small birds and rodents, like bamboo rats. This is not enough to live on, though, so it mainly eats various species of bamboo. Pandas have claws to protect their selves from danger.

Example 3. Exposition

Expository essays can compare, explore and discuss problems, or tell a story. An exposition essay gives information about various topics to the reader. It:
  • Informs
  • Describes
  • Explains
In writing an exposition, the text needs to:
  • Be concise and easy to understand
  • Give different views on a subject or report on a situation or event
  • Explain something that may be difficult to understand as you write your essay.
Remember that your purpose is to explain.
The Dangerous of Using Drugs
Everybody must pay attention of drugs. Drugs are very dangerous for us. Why it is very dangerous for us? Because its can caused harm to our body.
In terms of health, many organs in our body can be harm because using drug. In general, the impact of using drug are can unconscious, make us hallucinate, can harm our nerve, and cause addictive effect. Beside that, using drugs can make the users depressed, liver disease, schizophrenia,
blockage of blood vessels, dehydration, optic nerve damage, brain damage, and finally it can cause DEATH!
When viewed in terms of Islamic law, drugs are forbidden. Because it is cause badness, self harm, debilitate. And Islam proscribes all that can cause badness, self harm because it is included zhalim. Also if we using drugs, it means we already do the forbidden things in Islam, it means we sin. So, in terms of Islamic law, using drugs also dangerous.
Furthermore, if the users of drugs are teenagers, it can endanger their future, and endanger their homeland, their country. From the data, 32 percent of drugs users in Indonesia are teenagers, so, if many teenagers –in this case Indonesia- use drugs, it can be endanger this country, harm youth generation, whereas youths are nation expectation. If the youth using drugs, our nation can be destroy!
So, from now on we must pay attention of drugs, because it’s very dangerous, both in terms of health, religion (Islam), nationality and state.

Example 4. Argumentative

In an argumentative essay the writer is trying to convince the reader by demonstrating the truth or falsity of a topic. The writer’s position will be backed up with certain kinds of evidence, like statistics or opinions of experts.
The writer is not just giving an opinion, but making an argument for or against something and supporting that argument with data.
To know how to write an essay in an argumentative way, you have to research and backup what you say in the text.



CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION




REFERENCES






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